Core Grammar Rule: -(으)로 인하여
This pattern is a formal way to state the cause or reason for a situation, similar to "due to" or "owing to" in English.
Meaning & Usage
Meaning: It explicitly links a cause (the noun before it) to a result (the clause that follows).
When to use: It's primarily used in formal and written contexts. You'll frequently see it in news articles, official announcements, legal documents, and academic papers. It sounds very stiff and unnatural in casual, everyday conversation. For example, you would see "폭설로 인하여 항공편이 결항되었습니다" (Flights were canceled due to heavy snow) in a news report, but you would tell your friend "눈이 너무 많이 와서 비행기 취소됐어" (The plane was canceled because it snowed too much).
Conjugation Rules
Rule: This pattern attaches directly to nouns.
Nouns ending in a vowel or ㄹ: Add -로 인하여. (e.g., 사고 → 사고로 인하여; 바이러스 → 바이러스로 인하여)
Nouns ending in a consonant (except ㄹ): Add -으로 인하여. (e.g., 폭설 → 폭설으로 인하여; 문제 → 문제로 인하여)
Vowel/ㄹ: + -로 인하여 / Consonant: + -으로 인하여
Native Nuance & Mistakes
'~나 싶다' is a key phrase for expressing subjective thoughts and feelings with a touch of uncertainty.
Expressing a Vague Feeling or Guess
Context: Use '~나 싶다' when you're reflecting on your own feelings or guessing about a situation without much evidence. It translates to "I wonder if..." or "I kind of think that...". It's softer and more introspective than '~(으)ㄹ 것 같다' (I think/It seems like), which can be used for more objective predictions.
Example: 요즘 의욕이 없어요. 번아웃이 왔나 싶어요. (I have no motivation these days. I wonder if I'm burnt out.) This sounds more like a personal feeling than a medical diagnosis.
Avoiding Overconfidence
Context: Because it conveys uncertainty, '~나 싶다' is great for gently suggesting an idea or thought without sounding assertive or pushy. It's a way of saying "This is just a thought, but maybe...". Avoid using it for objective facts or strong predictions. For weather forecasts, '비가 올 것 같다' is natural, while '비가 오나 싶다' would sound like a personal, whimsical feeling about the weather.