Particles, patterns, and grammar — browse Talkori reference entries. Open any row for the full article.
대신(에)
instead of, in place of, in return for, as compensation for-(이)나
or, either...or, as many as, as much as, at least, (just) anyV+건
whether... or..., no matter what/who/where/when/how, regardless of whether...V+거나
or, whether...or..., either...or...V+(ㄴ)다든지, (이)라든지
whether... or..., such as..., for example..., perhaps... or perhaps...V+(ㄴ/는)다거나, (이)라거나
or..., or something like that, whether... or..., such as...V+(ㄴ)다든가, (이)라든가
whether... or..., such as..., or something like that, or whatever.V+든가
or..., why don't you..., how about... Quick Usage: Attaches directly to the verb stem regardless of final consonant or vowel.V+느니
rather than... I'd..., instead of... I'd..., better to... than...(으)ㄹ까 말까
to consider whether to do or not; to be on the fence about; to hesitate whether to(으)ㄹ 바에야
"Rather than...", "If I have to...", "Instead of...", "I'd rather... than...".V+(으/느/이)냐고
"asking if/whether", "wondering if/whether", "reported question ending"-보다
than; compared toN+당
per, for each, a (in the sense of 'per')아/어 대다
keep on ~ing excessively, constantly ~ing, always ~ing (annoyingly), do nothing but ~-만큼
Other Connectives(으)ㄹ 정도로
to the extent that; so much that; so... that; enough toV+(으)ㄹ수록
The more... the more..., As... increases, so does...(으)ㄹ 만하다
worth doing, worth considering, deserving of, good enough toN+짜리
worth, for, of (a certain value/amount), piece (for currency)(으)ㄹ 정도이다
to the extent that, so much that, so... that..., to such a degree thatV+(ㄴ/는)다기보다는/(이)라기보다는
Listing and ChoiceN+어치
Listing and Choice처럼
like, as, similar toV+듯이
just as..., as if..., like..., as...-같이
like, as, as if, similar toN+답다
like a true N, worthy of N, N-like (in a positive sense). Attaches directly to nouns without a particle.에 비해(서)/비하면
Compared to, in comparison with, relative to. Quick Usage: Attaches to nouns. '서' is optional, and '비하면' adds a conditional nuance.(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다
It's like saying..., It amounts to..., It's as good as..., It can be considered...아/어 빠지다
utterly, completely, excessively, too much, to be stuck in (a bad way)다시피 하다
MiscellaneousN + 껏
as much as one can, to one's full extent/capacity, all one's, all theV+(으)리만치
to the extent that, so much so that, to such a degree thatV+(으)면
if, when (conditional), wheneverV+아/어야
only if, unless (when negative), must (as a condition)V+든지
Regardless of; No matter whether/what/who/where; It doesn't matter if...V-(으)려면
If you want to..., If you intend to..., In order to...고 나면
Once (one) has V-ed, then..., After V-ing, (then)...다고/라고 치다
Let's assume that..., Supposing that..., Even if we say that..., Granting that...V+(으)려거든
If you intend to..., If you want to..., If you're going to..., In order to...에 따라(서)
depending on, according to, based on. Quick Usage: Attaches to nouns or noun phrases, indicating a variable factor.V+(ㄴ/는)다면
If (it were to happen), Supposing that, If it were the case that다(가) 보면
If one keeps doing X, then Y happens; Eventually, by doing X, Y will happen; When you keep doing X, you'll find Y.V+다가는
If you keep V-ing, then...; If you continue to V, you might...; V-ing too much will lead to...V+더라면
If (it) had been...; If (I) had done...노라면/느라면
if one keeps doing X, then Y happens; as one continues to X, Y naturally occurs/is realizedV+으나
Although, Even though, But, However, DespiteV+지만
but; although; even though-(이)라도
at least, even if it's just, even a, if nothing elseV+(스)ㅂ니다만
"..., but..." (polite), "..., however..." (polite), "..., though..."에도 불구하고
Despite, in spite of, regardless ofV+(으)려다가
was going to... but then..., intended to... but ended up..., on the verge of... but...V+(으)되
but, however, although, while, provided that, it is said that... but는 반면에
whereas; while; on the other hand; in contrast거나 말거나
Whether or not; Regardless of whether; No matter if.V+(ㄴ/는)답시고
claiming to be/do X, but...; under the pretext of X, but...; trying to X, only to fail/be ridiculed.을/를 막론하고
Regardless of, Irrespective of, No matter (who/what/where/when)건 말건
Whether or not; regardless of whether... or notN+(이)랍시고
claiming to be..., for someone who calls themselves..., under the pretense of being...V+아/어도
even if, even though, no matter how/whatV+기는(요)
Not really; Hardly; What do you mean...?; It's not that...; On the contrary.V-(으)ㄴ들
Even if..., No matter how/what..., What good would it do if...?V+더라도
Even if..., No matter how..., Regardless of...만 해도
as recently as, even just, even if only아/어 봤자
It's no use ~ing; What's the point of ~ing?; Even if you ~, it's pointless. [Quick Usage]: Attaches to verb/adjective stems using the 아/어 conjugation form.N+(은/는)커녕
Far from; Let alone; Not to mention; Not evenV+(으)ㄹ망정 / (으)ㄹ지언정
Even though, Even if, Although, While it may be true that...(으)나 마나
It's no use; It makes no difference; Pointless; Futile.-요
Polite ending, Informal polite speech, Short polite replyV+(ㄴ/는)다
Plain declarative form; Informal statement endingV+(은/ㄴ/는)데
but, and, so, however, by the way, you know, the thing is...V+(으)시
Honorific marker; (no direct English equivalent, but implies respect for the subject)N+님
Mr./Ms./Mx., Sir/Ma'am, esteemed, respected (suffix)V+군(요)/구나/구먼
Oh, I see!; So it is!; It turns out that...; Wow, it's...V+냐
"Do you...?", "Are you...?", "Will you...?", "Is it...?" (informal question ending)V+(으)오/소
Formal/Archaic Declarative/Interrogative/Imperative/Propositive Ending (하오체 speech level)아/어 달라고
asked me to..., requested that I..., told me to...V+로군(요)/로구나/로구먼/로고
Oh, I see!, How...!, It is indeed..., So it is!V+지
right?, isn't it?, don't you think?, of courseV-(으)라고 / V-라고
"told (someone) to...", "said to...", "asked (someone) to...", "said that (someone) should...". Quick Usage: Use -으라고 after a verb stem ending in a consonant, and -라고 after a verb stem ending in a vowel or 'ㄹ'.V+(는/ㄴ)다고
"He said that...", "She stated that...", "They reported that...", "It is said that..."(ㄴ/는)다는
"that (someone said/is)", "called", "named", "which is"V+(스)ㅂ니까
Is it...?, Do you...?, Are you...? (Formal Question Ending)V+(으)ㅂ시다
Let's..., Shall we...?V+자고
said to suggest that..., suggested that we...V+던데(요)
I noticed that..., It turns out that..., I saw/heard that..., You know,...V+나이다
Highly formal declarative ending; Archaic honorific statement.V+네(요)
"Oh, I see...", "Wow, it's...", "It turns out that...", "Indeed, it is..."V+잖아
"You know," "As you know," "Isn't it obvious that...", "I mean," "Of course,"V+데(요)
"You know...", "I saw/heard/experienced that...", "By the way,..."V+다면서(요)
Is it true that...?, I heard that... (is that right?), You said that... (didn't you?)V+다니/라니/냐니/자니
To think that...; I can't believe that...; Are you saying that...?; The fact that... (is surprising/unbelievable).V+(으)오/(으)옵/사오/사옵/자오/자옵
Humbly, respectfully, with utmost deference.V+더냐
Did you...?, Was it...?, Do you remember...? Quick Usage: Attach directly to verb stems; no distinction for consonant/vowel endings.만
only, just, merely-밖에
only, nothing but, no more than, justN+더러
to (someone); telling (someone); asking (someone)(ㄴ/는)단/(이)란 말
"You mean...", "So you're saying...", "The point is...", "It means that..."-뿐
only, nothing but, just기 마련이다
is bound to; is destined to; is naturally; it's only natural thatV+다시피
As you know, As you can see, As you heard, As you might expect.V+는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ
who/which/that + [verb] (present/past/future tense), a [verb]-ing Noun, a [verb]-ed Noun, a Noun to [verb]지 않다
do not, is not, are not, does not. Quick Usage: Attach directly to the verb or adjective stem.안 아요
don't, doesn't, isn't, aren't, not. Quick Usage: Place '안' directly before the verb or adjective you want to negate. For '하다' verbs, '안' goes between the noun and '하다'.N+치고
There is no N that is not..., Every N..., For N, without exception...N+끼리
among themselves, between/among [group] only, just [group], by [group] alone-조차
even; not even (in negative sentences); let alone(으)ㄹ 뻔하다
Miscellaneous-(이)야말로
indeed, truly, the very, the ultimate, if anything is X, it's thisN+마저(도)
even, even...too, even...as well(으)ㄴ/는 법이다
"is bound to", "is destined to", "it's natural that", "it's the way things are", "must be"V+건대
In my opinion, From what I see, I believe that, It seems to me that.N+쯤
about, around, approximately, roughly(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다
can / cannot, be able to / be unable to, it is possible / it is impossible(으)ㄹ 것이다
will, be going to, must be, probably, likely(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다
It seems that..., It looks like..., It appears that...ㄹ/을 리가 없다
There's no way that..., It can't be that..., It's impossible that...V+(으)랴
How could one possibly...?, Who has time to...?, Too busy with X to do YV+(으)ㄹ까
Shall we...?, How about...?, Should I...?, I wonder if...V+(으)ㄴ가(요), 나(요)
I wonder if..., Is it that...?, Could it be...?V+(으)ㄹ지(도)
might, may, could, it's possible that..., perhaps아/어 보이다
looks like, seems to be, appears to beV+(으)리라
I will certainly..., It shall be..., It is bound to... Quick Usage: Attach -리라 to verbs ending in a vowel or 'ㄹ', and -으리라 to verbs ending in a consonant (except 'ㄹ').V+(으)ㄹ걸(요)
I guess..., I suppose..., probably..., might be...는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ 것 같다
It seems like; It looks like; I think; I guess; It appears that지 못하다
cannot; be unable to; fail to아/어 하다
seems to be...; appears to be...; acts like...; is acting...V+(으)ㄹ라
lest, for fear that, worried that, concerned that(으)ㄹ 수도 있다/없다
might, may, could, it's possible that..., there's a possibility that...(았/었/했)을 것
must have (done/been), would have (done/been), probably (did/was)(으)ㄹ지(도) 모르다
might; could; don't know if/whether; perhaps(으)ㄹ 텐데
probably will, must be, I suppose, I expect that...V+던가
Was it that...?, Did...?, I wonder if..., Don't tell me...V+(으/ㄹ/을)려나
I wonder if...; I wonder whether...; Could it be that...?ㄹ/을 길이 없다
There's no way to..., It's impossible to..., There's no means of...V+(으)리오
How could...?; Is it possible that...?; It cannot be so.V+겠거니
I figured, I assumed, I supposed, thinking that...V+아/어야지
I must/will definitely..., I've got to..., I should/ought to (with strong resolve)았/었으면 좋겠다
I wish (that)...; I hope (that)...; It would be good if...기로 하다
to decide to, to agree to, to make a resolution toV+(으)ㅁ세
"Let's...", "We shall...", "I shall...", "We will...", "Let us..." (when used as a proposal) or "I will..." (when used as a firm intention).고 싶다
to want to..., would like to...을/를 바라다
to hope for, to wish for, to desireV+(으)소서
May you..., Please (solemnly)..., We humbly ask that you...고 말겠다
"I will definitely...", "I am determined to...", "I'm going to do X, no matter what."-도
also, too, even, either (in negative sentences)N+들
plural suffix; group indicatorN+마다
every, each, per. Quick Usage: Attaches directly to nouns without any changes.N+이자
"and also", "who is also", "which is also", "first and foremost... and also"V+(이)거니
As well as, Not only... but also, Sometimes... sometimes..., Recalling that...고
"and then," "and," "after (doing X)," "first X, then Y"V+(으)며
while, as, and, in addition to, not only... but also(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라
Not only... but also, in addition to, as well as-와/과
and, with. Quick Usage: Vowel-ending noun + 와 / Consonant-ending noun + 과-하고
and, with-랑/이랑
and, with, together withN+네
"the N group," "N's family/household," "people like N"N+째
the nth, ordinal number suffix-에
at, in, on, to, for (time)-에서
at, in, from (when indicating the origin of an action)-에게
to (a person/animal), for (a person/animal)-한테
to, from (when receiving from an animate source)-께
To (honorific), For (honorific). Quick Usage: Attaches directly to nouns referring to respected individuals.N+보고
to (someone), for (someone), tell (someone)N+에다가
onto, into, on top of, in addition to (a place)-(으)로
by, with, to, towards, as, from (for selection)N+(으)로서
as a..., in one's capacity as..., in the role of...N+(으)로써
by means of, with, through, as (a means/method), as (a qualification)-대로
according to, as, just as, in the way that, as one pleasesN+씩
each, per, apiece, at a time, in amounts of아/어도 되다
May I...?, Can I...?, It's okay to..., You may...(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다
have no choice but to, cannot help but, is bound to, is inevitable thatV+(으)세요
Please do..., Would you...?, He/She/They (honorific) do/are doing...V+아/어/여라
Command; Order; 'Do X!'아/어 달다
Please do (for me/us); Could you (for me/us)?V+거라, 너라
"Do!", "Go!", "Come!" (archaic command form)지 그렇다
How about...?; Wouldn't it be good to...?; Perhaps you should...V+(으)렴 / (으)려무나
Go ahead and..., Why don't you..., Please (in a gentle way)아/어야 되다/하다
must, have to, should, be supposed to지 말다
Don't..., Do not..., Stop (doing)..., Let's not...(으)면 안 되다
Must not; Should not; Are not allowed to; It is forbidden toV-(으)십시오
Please do..., Would you please..., (Formal/Polite Command/Request)지 않아도 되다
don't have to, no need to, it's not necessary to아/어 주다
to do for someone, to give (a favor), please do for meV+겠
"will," "would," "must be," "I guess/suppose," "I intend to"V+(으)려고
in order to, so that one can, intend to, plan toV+(으)ㄹ게(요)
"I will...", "I'll...", "Let me..."V+(으)러
in order to; to (do something); for the purpose ofV+(으)마
I will..., I shall..., I intend to... Quick Usage: Used only in the first person (speaker's intention).을/를 위해(서)
for the sake of, for, in order to (benefit/achieve)아/어 드리다
Benefactive ExpressionsV+(으)ㄹ래(요)
Do you want to...?, Shall we...?, I want to..., I'll...V+고자
in order to, with the intention of, so that one mayV+자
Let's..., Shall we...?, As soon as..., No sooner... than...(으)려고 하다
"intend to", "plan to", "be going to", "want to" (when expressing one's own intention).V+게
so that; in order to; to make (something) happen; (expecting) that아/어 보다
to try (doing something), to try out, to give (something) a tryV+도록
so that, in order to, to the point where, until아/어 두다
Miscellaneous(으)ㄹ까 하다
Be thinking of, Be considering, Be contemplating, Might do, Plan to (tentatively)V+게끔
so that (it will be certain to), in such a way that (it is ensured)V+(으)려던
was about to..., was going to..., had intended to...(으)려던 참이다
"was just about to", "was on the verge of", "was going to" Quick Usage: Attach to verb stems, using -으려던 for stems ending in a consonant and -려던 for stems ending in a vowel or ㄹ.V+아/어서
because, so, and then, and (as a result)V+(으/이)니
Since (you/it) are/is..., Seeing that..., Is it because...?V+(으)니까
Because, Since, So, As, (Upon realizing that...)V+(으)ㄴ/는지
perhaps because..., maybe because..., I guess it's because..., it seems that...V+(이)라서
because it is..., since it is...V+거든(요)
because (you see), if (you ask me), the thing is..., you know때문에
because of, due to, on account of, since, as아/어 가지다
to take/have [something] and do [something], to do [something] and proceed with [it], having done [something], [do something else]V+기에
because, since, as, given that, in that, for the reason that, from the perspective of, to (do something)V+(ㄴ/는)다니까 / (이)라니까
Because I heard that..., Since you said..., As I said..., I told you that...N+시키다
to order (someone to do N), to make (someone do N), to have (someone do N)(으)ㄹ 테니(까)
since I will/intend to..., as it will likely..., because I'm going to...V+느라(고)
because of ~ing, due to ~ing, while ~ing (and thus...)V+길래
because (I saw/heard/felt that...), since..., seeing that...-(으)므로
since, as, because, therefore고 보니(까)
Upon doing X, I realized Y; After doing X, I found out Y; It turns out that...는 바람에
due to..., because of..., as a result of... (with a negative connotation)고 나니(까)
After doing X, I realized/found that Y; Once X was done, Y happened.는 김에
While I'm at it, Since I'm already doing X, On the occasion of, As long as I'm doing X.V+아/어서인지
perhaps because; maybe because; it might be because; could it be that...V+거늘
seeing that, given that, since, as, because (of the fact that)다(가) 보니(까)
as I kept/continued doing X, I realized Y; it turns out that...; because I kept doing X, Y happened게 하다
to make (someone do something), to cause (something to happen), to let, to allowV+더니
after (having seen/experienced that), and then (as a result), but now (it's different)V+(았/었/했)더니
And then; As a result of (doing X), (Y happened); After (doing X), I found that (Y)(으)로 인하다
due to, owing to, because of, as a result of. Quick Usage: Attaches to nouns or noun phrases. The verb 인하다 conjugates normally.(으)ㄹ까 봐
in case (something happens), for fear that, worried that, concerned that-까지
Miscellaneous-부터
from, starting from, sinceN+부
"the initial part of N," "the beginning section of N," "the early phase of N."V+(으)ㅁ
-ing (nominalizer), the act of..., the fact that..., (formal declarative ending)중
while, during, in the middle of, amidstV+더라고(요)
I observed that..., I noticed that..., It turned out that..., I realized that...V+아/어다가
"after doing X and bringing/taking it," "do X and then (use/bring) Y"아/어 버리다
to finish doing, to end up doing, to do completely, to get it over with아/어 나가다
to continue to do, to keep doing, to proceed with, to carry onN+당하다
to be subjected to N, to suffer N, to undergo N, to be N-ed고 말다
ended up ~ing, eventually ~ed, unfortunately ~ed, finally ~ed (with regret)V+(았/었/였)었
had been, used to be, was (but no longer), double past tenseN+이다
to be, is/am/are는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ 것
The act of ~ing, The fact that ~, What ~s/ed/will, ~ing (as a noun)V+기
Miscellaneous아/어 가다
Miscellaneous아/어 지다
to become, to get, to turn (into), -ed (passive)-(이)야
to be (informal), it is, it's아/어 오다
"have been (doing) up until now," "to bring/carry (here)," "to come (doing something)."고 있다
is/am/are -ing; to be in the process of; to be wearing/holding/sitting/standing아/어 있다
to be in a state of having done something, to be V-edV+(았/었/였)던
"used to (do)", "that (one) did (and now it's over)", "the one who (did)"게 되다
to come to be; to turn out that; to end up (doing); to get to (do)아/어 내다
manage to do, succeed in doing, finally do (after difficulty), see throughV+던
used to; was/were ~ing; that I used to ~; that was ~ingV+다가
while doing X, then Y; X-ing, and then Y; X-ing, but then Y.아/어 놓다
to keep ~ing, to leave ~ed, to have ~ed and kept. Quick Usage: Attaches to the verb stem after 아/어 conjugation.N+하다
to do N, to perform N, to be N-ing(으)ㄴ 적이 있다/없다
Have (ever) done, Have never done, Have experience of doing(으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다
to know how to / to not know how to; to be able to / to be unable to (in terms of skill)V+더
I recall..., I remember..., It was (when I saw it)...(으)ㄴ 채로
"while still...", "with... on/off/open/closed", "in the state of...", "as is"(으)ㄴ/는 편이다
tend to, be on the side of, be rather, be somewhatN+되다
to become, to turn into, to be made into는 길이다
On one's way to/from, while going/coming, in the middle of a journeyN+스럽다
-like, -ish, resembling, characteristic of, feels like N기 일쑤이다
It is common for...; often; frequently; tends to; prone to때
Time and Sequence전에
before, prior to, ago동안
while; during; for (a period of time)후에/뒤에
Time and Sequence고 나서
after (doing something); having done X, then YV+고서
after doing X; having done X; and thenV+자마자
as soon as; right after; the moment (that)는 길에
on the way to..., while going to..., during one's journey to...N+경
around, approximately, about, ~ishV+아/어/여
Present tense ending, informal-polite endingV+았/었/였
Past tense, did, was/wereV+(스)ㅂ니다
is/are/am doing, does/do, formal present tense endingV+(으)면서
while; as; at the same time asN+간
for (a period of time), during, throughout기도 하다
sometimes; at times; even; also(으)ㄴ 지
"It has been (time) since...", "since (time ago)"곤 하다
often do, tend to do, used to do-은/는
As for..., Speaking of..., Regarding..., The... (when emphasizing a specific noun)-을/를
direct object marker, object particle, accusative case marker-이/가
No direct English equivalent; functions as a subject identifier.-의
's, of-께서
honorific subject marker, respectful subject particle에 대해(서)
about, regarding, concerning, on